Hal ini merupakan
pelajaran paling dasar yang sangat penting untuk dapat memahami grammar-grammar
bahasa Inggris hingga tingkat advanced nanti. Hingga pelajaran ke depannya juga
saya berencana untuk menggunakan istilah-istilah parts of speech ini jadi saya
harap sobat semuanya bisa menghafal jenis-jenis kata dalam bahasa Inggris.
Parts of speech adalah bagian-bagian mendasar dari kalimat bahasa Inggris
berupa jenis-jenis kata atau kelas kata.
Ada beberapa part of
speech, yaitu: noun, pronoun, verb, adjective, adverb, preposition,
conjunction, dan interjection. Penjelasan dan contoh praktis kedelapan Part of
Speech:
A. Every name is
called a noun: things, places, animals, and people. (Kata Benda) (nomina)
Kata benda atau noun didefinisikan sebagai nama dari seseorang,
tempat, atau semua benda dan segala yang dibendakan. Pembagian kata benda
menurut bagaimana menghitungnya (how to count it) :
a. Count noun / Countable
noun
b. Noncount noun / Mass noun /
Uncountable noun
Countable noun memiliki bentuk singular dan plural, mereka digunakan
bersama dengan singular atau plural verb. Uncountable noun hanya
memiliki satu bentuk, mereka digunakan bersama dengan singular verb. Contohhhhhhh: Cat, Chair, Game
Countable
noun adalah individu, tempat, atau benda yang bisa
dilihat dan dihitung. Ada beberapa kategori countable noun,
diantaranya adalah:
- name of persons, their relationships, and their
occupations examples: one boy, one friend, one
student, two boys, two friends, two students
- names of animals, plants, insects examples: one dog, one flower, one bee, two dogs, two flowers, two bees
- names of things with a definite, individual shape examples: one car, one house, one room, two cars, two houses,
two rooms
- units of measurement examples: one inch, one pound, one degree, two inches, two
pounds, two degrees
- units of classification in society examples: one family, one country, one language, two
families, two countries,two languages
- containers of nouncount solids,liquids, pastes, and
gases examples: one bottle, one
jar, one tube, two bottles, two jars, two tubes
- a limited number of abstract concepts examples: one idea, one invention, one plan, two ideas, two inventions, two plans
Uncountable
noun hanya memiliki satu bentuk. Mereka digunakan
bersama dengan singular verb. Beberapa kategori uncountable noun adalah:
- food staples that can be purchased in various forms examples: bread, meat, butter
- construction materials that can change shape, depending on
what is made examples: wood, iron, grass
- liquids that can change shape, depending on the shape of the
countainer examples: oil, tea, milk
- natural substances that can change shape, depending on
natural laws examples: steam, water, ice, smoke, ashes, oxygen
- substances with many small parts examples: rice, sand, sugar
- groups of things that have different sizes and shapes examples: clothing (a coat, a shirt, a sock), furniture (a
table, a chair, a bed), luggage (a suitcase, a trunk, a box)
- languages examples: Arabic, Japanese, Spanish
- abstract concepts, often with ending – ness, – ance, – ence,
-ity examples: beauty,
ignorance, peace
- most – ing form examples: learning, shopping, working
B. In place of noun
the pronoun stands: I, me, my, mine, dan myself. (kata
ganti)
Pronoun digunakan untuk
menggantikan noun. Noun yang digantikan disebut antecedent. Ada beberapa macam pronoun yaitu:
1. subject pronoun
examples : I, you, he, she, it,
we, you, they
2. object pronoun
examples : me, you, her, him,
it, us, you, them
3. possessive pronoun
examples: my, your, her, his,
its, our, your, their
4. relative pronoun
examples: who, which, whom
5. reflexive pronoun
examples: myself, yourself,
himself, herself, itself, ourselves, yourselves, themselves.
6. reciprocal pronoun
example: each other.
C. Most verbs mean
action, something done:write, wrote, written. (kata kerja)
Verb adalah kata atau frasa yang menyatakan
keberadaan, perbuatan, atau pengalaman. Verb dikategorikan
menjadi main verb dan auxiliary verb. Dalam
beberapa buku grammar, auxiliary verb disebut helping verbkarena digunakan dengan main verb, modal dan to be termasuk dalam auxiliary verb.
Setiap verb dalam bahasa Inggris dapat diformulasikan
sebagai berikut:
VERB = tense + (modal) + (have
+ participle) + (be + -ing) + verb word
(Modal) = can, could, may,
might, must, shall, should, will, would
(Be)= is, am, are
Bila suatu verb menghendaki adanya suatu obyek/pelengkap
disebut transitive verb, misalnya: build, cut,
find, rise, sleep, stay, walk, etc.
Sebaliknya bila verb tersebut tidak memerlukan suatu obyek/pelengkap
disebut intransitive verb,
misalnya agree, arrive, come, cry, exist, go, happen, live, occur, rain,
rise, sleep, stay, walk, shop.
D. The adjective describes
a thing/noun:beautiful flower. (kata sifat)
Adjective atau
frasa adjective mendeskripsikan noun. Mereka digunakan untuk mendeskripsikan quantity (number or amount), sufficiency (number or amount
needed), consecutive order (order in sequence), quality (appearance), dan emphasis(important or force).
ex: intelligent, lazy, young, old,
rich, poor, beautiful, brown, modern,good.old etc
Kebanyakan adjective dan frasa adjective memiliki
satu bentuk saja. Mereka tidak berubah bentuk ketika bertemu dengan noun.
E. How things are done
the adverbs tell: beautifully, quickly, slowly, badly (Kata
Keterangan)
Adverb dan frasa adverb menambah
informasi pada verb, adjective, atau kalimat. Mereka
memberikan keterangan tentang manner (how something is done),
frequency ( how often), time and date (when), duration of time ( how long).
examples: tomorrow, today,
yesterday, soon, always, usually, often, frequently, generally, sometimes,
occasionally, seldom, rarely, hardly ever, never, not ever, already, finally,
just, probably. Quickly, etc.
F. The preposition shows
relation: in, on, at. (kata Depan) (preposisi)
Preposition kata yang merangkaikan kata-kata atau
bagian kalimat. Preposisi biasanya diikuti
oleh noun dan pronoun.
Examples: about, above, across, after, against, along, among, around,
at, before, behind, below, beneath, beside, between, beyond, by, despite, down,
during, for, from, in, into, like, near, of, off, on, out, over, since,
through, throughout, till, to, under, until, up, upon, with, within, without,
etc.
G. Conjunctions are
used to connect sentences or words: and, or, but. (kata sambung)
Conjunction adalah kata yang menghubungkan kata-kata,
bagian-bagian kalimat atau menghubungkan kalimat-kalimat.
Examples: and, or, but,
etc.
H. The interjection cries
out, “Heed! An exclamation point must follow me!” (kata seru)
Interjeksi mengungkapkan
semua perasaan dan maksud seseorang, maka kata seru sebenarnya bukanlah kata tetapi semacam
kalimat. Kata seru tidak dibahas dalam perangkat lunak penterjemah ini.
Example : Ah, ih, auh, uh,ah
I. Kata Bilangan
(Numeralia)
Adalah kata yang menyatakan jumlah benda atau jumlah
kumpulan atau urutan tempat dari nama-nama benda.
Examples: ordinal numbers ( first, second, third, fourth, etc ),
cardinal numbers ( one, two, three, four, etc ).
J. Determiner (Kata
Sandang)
Determiner tidak mempunyai
arti akan tetapi mendeskripsikan noun.
examples: a, an, the.